广州白云山不同林分修复模式秋冬季土壤线虫群落结构特点

对广州市白云山6种林分修复模式下土壤线虫群落结构进行了调查研究,共得到土壤线虫7184头,分别隶属于37科63属。不同修复模式对土壤动物群落的组成和数量具有较大的影响。从季节变化来看,秋末冬初时线虫种类和数量均高于冬季。从土壤动物类群数量的垂直分布来看,总体趋势是随着土壤层次的加深而递减。食细菌类群和植物寄生类群土壤深度间差异显著(p0.05),植物寄生类群和杂食/捕食类群在不同样地间差异显著(p0.05)。生态学指数中Iw和线虫成熟指数(Im)在土层间差异显著(p0.01)。在不同调查层和修复模式中的丰富度最大的是食细菌类群线虫。     

宁夏贺兰山农牧场温室蔬菜根际土壤线虫的初步鉴定

于2009年7~8月,对3种宁夏贺兰山农牧场温室蔬菜即黄瓜、辣椒、茄子的根际土壤线虫进行了取样、线虫分离和形态鉴定等研究。结果表明:该地根际土壤线虫有3个目、3个亚目1、0科1、3个亚科的21个属;在西北地区,由于棚室蔬菜大面积种植为根际土壤线虫的繁殖提供了良好的生活环境,尤其是棚室蔬芽复种指数的增加使得根际线虫的种类和数量逐年增多。     

内生真菌对醉马草根际土壤线虫群落的影响

为明确内生真菌对醉马草根际土壤线虫群落特征的影响,于2014年6,8和10月,对带内生真菌和不带内生真菌醉马草根际土壤进行采样,利用淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心法分离线虫,根据线虫形态学特征进行鉴定,结果表明,本研究共捕获土壤线虫11889条,分别隶属于线虫动物门2纲6目22科37属,带内生真菌醉马草根际土壤线虫个体密度高于不带内生真菌醉马草,而类群数、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)和丰富度指数(SR)均低于不带内生真菌醉马草,但处理间差异不显著,表明尽管内生真菌使醉马草根际土壤线虫个体密度有所增加,使类群数有所降低,但是内生真菌的存在对醉马草土壤线虫多样性没有影响;与不带内生真菌醉马草相比,带内生真菌醉马草根际土壤线虫MI指数显著升高,而PPI指数和PPI/MI值显著降低,表明内生真菌在一定程度上确实改变了土壤线虫功能类群组成,其中主要影响植物寄生线虫。     

10种白僵菌菌株发酵液对植物线虫和昆虫病原线虫的生物活性

为了获得高效的杀线虫生防菌资源,以山药短体线虫(Pralylenchus sp.)、黄瓜根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)为靶标,对10种白僵菌菌株发酵液的杀线虫活性进行测定,同时测定了白僵菌菌株发酵液对昆虫病原线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae All)的生物活性。结果表明,菌株BD-B173、BD-B180、BD-B061-3和BD-B315对山药短体线虫具有高毒力,24 h校正死亡率分别为97.20%、96.50%、91.16%、90.32%;48 h校正死亡率分别为97.30%、97.67%、92.45%、94.40%。菌株BD-B061-3、BD-B198、BD-B118和BD-B173对黄瓜根结线虫具有高毒力,24 h校正死亡率分别为97.47%、91.65%、81.37%、68.92%;48 h校正死亡率分别为98.73%、95.27%、87.53%、96.53%。10种白僵菌菌株发酵液对小卷蛾斯氏线虫24 h及48 h的校正死亡率均不超过10%。说明10种白僵菌菌株发酵液对2种植物线虫的杀虫活性具有特异性,且对昆虫病原线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫的毒力均较弱。     

虾稻共作对稻田土壤线虫群落结构的影响

农业生态系统利用种间互惠将种植业与养殖业相结合,既能提高农作物产量,也能减少化肥农药等对环境的危害。本研究以土壤线虫作为指示生物,研究外来物种克氏原螯虾与水稻种养结合模式对稻田土壤生态系统的影响,为虾稻共作模式下稻田生态系统的健康和可持续利用提供依据。通过比较水稻单作和虾稻共作,分别在水稻分蘖期、抽穗期和成熟期采集土壤样品,分析土壤线虫群落结构。结果表明:与水稻单作相比,虾稻共作土壤中食细菌线虫的百分比较高(分蘖期增加了26.52%,抽穗期增加了19.85%,成熟期增加了32.65%),同时机会主义cp1线虫类群所占百分比较高(分蘖期增加了31.13%,抽穗期增加了24.91%,成熟期增加了19.49%),说明虾稻共作生态系统中农田土壤养分循环较快,土壤呈养分富集。但是,虾稻共作农田土壤中捕食杂食性线虫、cp3~5线虫类群百分比较低(P0.05),同时成熟度指数也显著低于水稻单作。因此,在克氏原螯虾的影响下,稻田土壤食物网趋于简化,土壤的生物稳定性有下降趋势,故需要进一步加强虾稻共作对稻田土壤健康长期影响的监测和研究。     

Potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae , S. weiseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora for the biological control of the sugar beet weevil Bothynoderes punctiventris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The sugar beet weevil, Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most damaging pests of sugar beets in Turkey and has been traditionally controlled by application of large amounts of insecticides. The current study used laboratory microcosms to evaluate the possibility of using entomopathogenic nematodes as an alternative control method. The nematodes Steinernema feltiae (strain TUR-S3), Steinernema weiseri (BEY) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TUR-H2) had previously been isolated from Turkey. Nematode-induced mortality generally increased as soil temperature increased from 15 to 25°C but decreased when larvae were located deeper in soil. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora caused the highest larval mortality at 25°C at all depths (5–20 cm). Steinernema feltiae and S. weiseri were more effective than H. bacteriophora at 15°C at all depths. Increasing the application rate of infective nematode dauer juveniles (DJs) affected the number of DJs that penetrated each insect larva and the number of DJs produced per insect. The highest production of DJs per larva occurred at application rates of 50 DJs/larva for S. feltiae and S. weiseri and 100 DJs/larva for H. bacteriophora. Reproduction decreased again at higher application rates. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora had the highest reproductive capability. The results indicate that S. feltiae and S. weiseri might be more effective against this pest early in the growing season when soil temperature is low and that H. bacteriophora might be more effective later in the season when temperature increases.     

温室黄瓜根结线虫病非化学防治技术研究初报

采用大田与室内相结合的方法,研究了高温闷棚、低温冷冻、轮作倒茬、淹水等不同绿色防治技术措施对温室黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明低温冷冻法对温室黄瓜根结线虫病具有显著的防治效果,适宜在冬季温度低于-15℃,且持续20d以上的地区推广应用。黄瓜与棉花、大葱和大蒜轮作切断根结线虫的食物链,减轻根结线虫的危害。淹水法虽然对根结线虫病有较好的防治效果,但在缺水和保水性能比较差的垆土和黄绵土的北方地区推广应用受到很大限制。高温闷棚法对根结线虫病的防治效果最好,高温闷棚8d对根结线虫病的防治效果达到100％,闷棚后第3年防治效果仍高达96．2％。完全能替代化学药剂防治,可操作性强,成本低,协调了根结线虫病的防治与温室绿色食品黄瓜生产的矛盾。     

Proteolytic activity in soil: A review

The aim of this work is to review current knowledge on inputs, sources and regulation of protease activities in soils from different ecosystems, while exploring limitations to proteolysis and N mineralisation. Extracellular proteases enter the soil via microbial production and other sources, including plant root exudates, animal excrements, decomposition processes and leaching from agro-industrial fertilisers. The synthesis and activities of proteases in soil are regulated by many factors, including climate, soil properties and the presence of organic compounds of plant and microbial origin. Two particularly important areas for future research are the regulation of proteolysis by low-molecular-weight organic compounds, including amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, plant hormones and siderophores, as well as the identification and characterisation of proteinaceous protease inhibitors of plant and microbial origin in the soil. Despite all the work that has been performed on soil proteases, our understanding of the roles of extracellular plant root proteases in N nutrition is weak. Furthermore, the regulation of soil proteolytic activities of different ecosystems, especially in terms of pollutant inputs and the impact of climate change, requires investigation. Other areas that pose important questions for the future include assessments of protease inhibitor inputs to the soil, regulation of these inhibitors via naturally occurring soil organic compounds and the interactions between soil organisms.     

Carbon and nitrogen budgets of nematodes in arable soil

Summary The amounts of C and N that pass through the nematode biomass in four cropping systems, barley without and with N fertilization, grass ley and lucerne, has been estimated. The nematodes were sampled at the field site of a Swedish integrated research project Ecology of Arable Land: The Role of Organisms in Nitrogen Cycling. The nematode biomass was lower (200 mg dry weight m^–2) in the annual (barley) than in the perennial (grass and lucerne, 350 mg dry weight m^–2) crops. For respiration, the nematodes used 4–71 O₂m^–2 year^–1 corresponding to C liberation of 1.3%–2.0% of the carbon input to the soil. A higher relative contribution by bacterial-feeding nematodes to the C and N fluxes and a higher turnover rate of the nematode biomass is an indication of more rapid nutrient circulation in the annual than in the perennial cropping systems.